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Modeling human diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D to 3D and beyond.

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Modeling human diseases with induced pluripotent stem cells: from 2D to 3D and beyond. Development (Cambridge, England) Liu, C. n., Oikonomopoulos, A. n., Sayed, N. n., Wu, J. C. 2018; 145 (5)

Abstract

The advent of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) presents unprecedented opportunities to model human diseases. Differentiated cells derived from iPSCs in two-dimensional (2D) monolayers have proven to be a relatively simple tool for exploring disease pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms. In this Spotlight article, we discuss the progress and limitations of the current 2D iPSC disease-modeling platform, as well as recent advancements in the development of human iPSC models that mimicin vivotissues and organs at the three-dimensional (3D) level. Recent bioengineering approaches have begun to combine different 3D organoid types into a single '4D multi-organ system'. We summarize the advantages of this approach and speculate on the future role of 4D multi-organ systems in human disease modeling.

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